The Bible — World English Bible

Exodus 10

In brief

Exodus 10 tells of two plagues of Egypt. God first sends the locusts, which devour what the hail left behind. Pharaoh confesses his sin and asks for forgiveness, then goes back to his attitude as soon as the plague is gone. Then comes darkness over the land. Pharaoh offers compromises for the people's departure, keeping the flocks, and Moses refuses them. The chapter ends with the break: Pharaoh drives Moses away. God explains that these signs will serve to tell future generations who he is.

The chapter in 4 parts

  1. v. 1-6The warning: a hardened heart and signs that will be told
  2. v. 7-11Pharaoh's servants are alarmed, the negotiation fails
  3. v. 12-20The eighth plague: the locusts
  4. v. 21-29The ninth plague: the darkness, the refused compromise and the break

1Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs among them;

2and that you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your son’s son, what things I have done to Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that you may know that I am Yahweh.”

3Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and said to him, “This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, that they may serve me.

4Or else, if you refuse to let my people go, behold, tomorrow I will bring locusts into your country,

5and they shall cover the surface of the earth, so that one won’t be able to see the earth. They shall eat the residue of that which has escaped, which remains to you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which grows for you out of the field.

6Your houses shall be filled, and the houses of all your servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians, as neither your fathers nor your fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were on the earth to this day.’ ” He turned, and went out from Pharaoh.

7Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, that they may serve Yahweh, their God. Don’t you yet know that Egypt is destroyed?”

8Moses and Aaron were brought again to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve Yahweh your God; but who are those who will go?”

9Moses said, “We will go with our young and with our old. We will go with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds; for we must hold a feast to Yahweh.”

10He said to them, “Yahweh be with you if I let you go with your little ones! See, evil is clearly before your faces.

11Not so! Go now you who are men, and serve Yahweh; for that is what you desire!” Then they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.

12Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up on the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail has left.”

13Moses stretched out his rod over the land of Egypt, and Yahweh brought an east wind on the land all that day, and all night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.

14The locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the borders of Egypt. They were very grievous. Before them there were no such locusts as they, nor will there ever be again.

15For they covered the surface of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened, and they ate every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left. There remained nothing green, either tree or herb of the field, through all the land of Egypt.

16Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste, and he said, “I have sinned against Yahweh your God, and against you.

17Now therefore please forgive my sin again, and pray to Yahweh your God, that he may also take away from me this death.”

18Moses went out from Pharaoh, and prayed to Yahweh.

19Yahweh sent an exceedingly strong west wind, which took up the locusts, and drove them into the Red Sea. There remained not one locust in all the borders of Egypt.

20But Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go.

21Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.”

22Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days.

23They didn’t see one another, and nobody rose from his place for three days; but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.

24Pharaoh called to Moses, and said, “Go, serve Yahweh. Only let your flocks and your herds stay behind. Let your little ones also go with you.”

25Moses said, “You must also give into our hand sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice to Yahweh our God.

26Our livestock also shall go with us. Not a hoof shall be left behind, for of it we must take to serve Yahweh our God; and we don’t know with what we must serve Yahweh, until we come there.”

27But Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he wouldn’t let them go.

28Pharaoh said to him, “Get away from me! Be careful to see my face no more; for in the day you see my face you shall die!”

29Moses said, “You have spoken well. I will see your face again no more.”

Key verses

Verse 2
and that you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your son’s son, what things I have done to Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that you may know that I am Yahweh.”

God explains why he acts this way: so that the signs will be told to sons and grandsons. What happens in Egypt is meant to become a story passed down in the faith of the family.

Verse 3
Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and said to him, “This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, that they may serve me.

Moses' question to Pharaoh sums up the conflict: how long will you refuse to humble yourself before God? Pharaoh's problem is above all pride.

Verse 16-17
Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste, and he said, “I have sinned against Yahweh your God, and against you. Now therefore please forgive my sin again, and pray to Yahweh your God, that he may also take away from me this death.”

Pharaoh admits that he has sinned, but his request is limited to getting rid of the plague. The text distinguishes passing regret from true repentance.

Verse 26
Our livestock also shall go with us. Not a hoof shall be left behind, for of it we must take to serve Yahweh our God; and we don’t know with what we must serve Yahweh, until we come there.”

Moses refuses to leave the flocks as hostages. Serving God is not done by halves, with a part of your possessions held back by the one who opposes it.

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What the sermons say

Frequently asked questions about Exodus 10

What are the plagues of Exodus 10?

The chapter tells of the eighth plague, the locusts, brought by an east wind, and the ninth, the darkness over Egypt. The locusts devour everything the hail had left. The darkness covers the land for three days according to the account, while the Israelites have light where they live.

Why does God harden Pharaoh's heart?

In verse 1, God says he hardened Pharaoh's heart to display his signs. Elsewhere, the text says that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. Christian traditions understand this relationship in different ways, but the account holds together God's sovereignty and Pharaoh's responsibility.

Why does Moses refuse Pharaoh's compromises?

Pharaoh first agrees that only the men go, then that the children go too but without the flocks. Moses refuses: animals are needed for the sacrifices and no one yet knows what God will ask. The service of God cannot be limited by those who hold his people back.

Articles quoting Exodus 10

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World English Bible translation — public domain.