The Bible — World English Bible

Exodus 23

In brief

Exodus 23 continues the laws given to Israel at Sinai. It begins with justice: do not spread false reports, do not follow the crowd to do evil, do not accept a bribe, do not oppress the foreigner. Next come the rest of the land and the Sabbath, then the three yearly feasts and the offering of the firstfruits. Finally God promises to send an angel before his people to lead them to the place he has prepared, on condition that they listen to his voice and reject foreign gods.

The chapter in 4 parts

  1. v. 1-9Justice and fairness for everyone, even the enemy and the foreigner
  2. v. 10-13The rest of the land and the Sabbath
  3. v. 14-19The three feasts and the firstfruits
  4. v. 20-33The angel who goes before Israel and the promises of obedience

1“You shall not spread a false report. Don’t join your hand with the wicked to be a malicious witness.

2“You shall not follow a crowd to do evil. You shall not testify in court to side with a multitude to pervert justice.

3You shall not favor a poor man in his cause.

4“If you meet your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, you shall surely bring it back to him again.

5If you see the donkey of him who hates you fallen down under his burden, don’t leave him. You shall surely help him with it.

6“You shall not deny justice to your poor people in their lawsuits.

7“Keep far from a false charge, and don’t kill the innocent and righteous; for I will not justify the wicked.

8“You shall take no bribe, for a bribe blinds those who have sight and perverts the words of the righteous.

9“You shall not oppress an alien, for you know the heart of an alien, since you were aliens in the land of Egypt.

10“For six years you shall sow your land, and shall gather in its increase,

11but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave the animal of the field shall eat. In the same way, you shall deal with your vineyard and with your olive grove.

12“Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, that your ox and your donkey may have rest, and the son of your servant, and the alien may be refreshed.

13“Be careful to do all things that I have said to you; and don’t invoke the name of other gods or even let them be heard out of your mouth.

14“You shall observe a feast to me three times a year.

15You shall observe the feast of unleavened bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib (for in it you came out of Egypt), and no one shall appear before me empty.

16And the feast of harvest, the first fruits of your labors, which you sow in the field; and the feast of ingathering, at the end of the year, when you gather in your labors out of the field.

17Three times in the year all your males shall appear before the Lord Yahweh.

18“You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread. The fat of my feast shall not remain all night until the morning.

19You shall bring the first of the first fruits of your ground into the house of Yahweh your God. “You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.

20“Behold, I send an angel before you, to keep you by the way, and to bring you into the place which I have prepared.

21Pay attention to him, and listen to his voice. Don’t provoke him, for he will not pardon your disobedience, for my name is in him.

22But if you indeed listen to his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and an adversary to your adversaries.

23For my angel shall go before you, and bring you in to the Amorite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Canaanite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite; and I will cut them off.

24You shall not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor follow their practices, but you shall utterly overthrow them and demolish their pillars.

25You shall serve Yahweh your God, and he will bless your bread and your water, and I will take sickness away from among you.

26No one will miscarry or be barren in your land. I will fulfill the number of your days.

27I will send my terror before you, and will confuse all the people to whom you come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.

28I will send the hornet before you, which will drive out the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before you.

29I will not drive them out from before you in one year, lest the land become desolate, and the animals of the field multiply against you.

30Little by little I will drive them out from before you, until you have increased and inherit the land.

31I will set your border from the Red Sea even to the sea of the Philistines, and from the wilderness to the River; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and you shall drive them out before you.

32You shall make no covenant with them, nor with their gods.

33They shall not dwell in your land, lest they make you sin against me, for if you serve their gods, it will surely be a snare to you.”

Key verses

Verse 2
“You shall not follow a crowd to do evil. You shall not testify in court to side with a multitude to pervert justice.

Do not follow the crowd to do evil: the verse sets a principle of conscience. Justice is not decided by the number of voices.

Verse 9
“You shall not oppress an alien, for you know the heart of an alien, since you were aliens in the land of Egypt.

God reminds Israel that it was itself a foreigner in Egypt. The experience of oppression is the foundation for welcoming the foreigner.

Verse 19
You shall bring the first of the first fruits of your ground into the house of Yahweh your God. “You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.

The firstfruits, that is the first of the harvest, are brought to the house of Yahweh. The gesture expresses that everything comes from God and that God comes first.

Verse 20-22
“Behold, I send an angel before you, to keep you by the way, and to bring you into the place which I have prepared. Pay attention to him, and listen to his voice. Don’t provoke him, for he will not pardon your disobedience, for my name is in him. But if you indeed listen to his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and an adversary to your adversaries.

God sends an angel before his people to protect and lead them. Listening to him is the condition of their protection: God promises to be an enemy to the enemies of those who obey.

Bible verses to meditate on

What the sermons say

Frequently asked questions about Exodus 23

What does “you shall not follow a crowd to do evil” mean?

Verse 2 forbids being swept along by the majority, especially in a trial. Justice is judged by the truth, not by the opinion of the majority. It invites each person to stay true to conscience even when the crowd goes the other way.

Who is the angel of Exodus 23:20?

God sends an angel before his people to protect and lead them, and says that his name is in him. Several commentators, from the Church Fathers to the Reformers, see in him a manifestation of the Son of God. Others read him as a messenger of God. The text stresses above all obedience.

What is the main message of Exodus 23?

God ties life in society to faithfulness toward him: justice even toward the enemy, respect for the foreigner, rest for the weak, exclusive worship of Yahweh. He promises to lead and protect his people, on condition that they listen to his voice. Obedience is the expected answer to his faithfulness.

Articles quoting Exodus 23

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World English Bible translation — public domain.