The Bible — World English Bible

Genesis 49

In brief

In Genesis 49, Jacob, close to death, gathers his twelve sons to tell them what will happen to them in the days to come. His words mix rebukes and blessings: Reuben, Simeon and Levi are corrected for their faults, while Judah receives a royal promise that leads to the Messiah, called Shiloh. Joseph is blessed at length. The chapter ends with Jacob's last wishes and his death, and it sheds light on the origin of the tribes of Israel.

The chapter in 6 parts

  1. v. 1-4Jacob calls his sons: Reuben loses the place of preeminence
  2. v. 5-7Simeon and Levi: violent anger is condemned
  3. v. 8-12Judah, the young lion, and the scepter that will not depart
  4. v. 13-21Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher and Naphtali
  5. v. 22-27Joseph, the fruitful tree, and Benjamin, the wolf
  6. v. 28-33Jacob's last wishes and his death

1Jacob called to his sons, and said: “Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which will happen to you in the days to come.

2Assemble yourselves, and hear, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father.

3“Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength; excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.

4Boiling over like water, you shall not excel; because you went up to your father’s bed, then defiled it. He went up to my couch.

5“Simeon and Levi are brothers. Their swords are weapons of violence.

6My soul, don’t come into their council. My glory, don’t be united to their assembly; for in their anger they killed men. In their self-will they hamstrung cattle.

7Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.

8“Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father’s sons will bow down before you.

9Judah is a lion’s cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, as a lioness. Who will rouse him up?

10The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs. To him will the obedience of the peoples be.

11Binding his foal to the vine, his donkey’s colt to the choice vine; he has washed his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.

12His eyes will be red with wine, his teeth white with milk.

13“Zebulun will dwell at the haven of the sea. He will be for a haven of ships. His border will be on Sidon.

14“Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the saddlebags.

15He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.

16“Dan will judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.

17Dan will be a serpent on the trail, an adder in the path, that bites the horse’s heels, so that his rider falls backward.

18I have waited for your salvation, Yahweh.

19“A troop will press on Gad, but he will press on their heel.

20“Asher’s food will be rich. He will produce royal dainties.

21“Naphtali is a doe set free, who bears beautiful fawns.

22“Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall.

23The archers have severely grieved him, shot at him, and persecuted him:

24But his bow remained strong. The arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob, (from there is the shepherd, the stone of Israel),

25even by the God of your father, who will help you, by the Almighty, who will bless you, with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies below, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.

26The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of your ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.

27“Benjamin is a ravenous wolf. In the morning he will devour the prey. At evening he will divide the plunder.”

28All these are the twelve tribes of Israel, and this is what their father spoke to them, and blessed them. He blessed everyone according to his own blessing.

29He instructed them, and said to them, “I am to be gathered to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,

30in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field from Ephron the Hittite as a burial place.

31There they buried Abraham and Sarah, his wife. There they buried Isaac and Rebekah, his wife, and there I buried Leah:

32the field and the cave that is therein, which was purchased from the children of Heth.”

33When Jacob finished charging his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, breathed his last breath, and was gathered to his people.

Key verses

Verse 8-10
“Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father’s sons will bow down before you. Judah is a lion’s cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, as a lioness. Who will rouse him up? The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs. To him will the obedience of the peoples be.

Jacob promises Judah kingship and the recognition of his brothers. Verse 10, about the scepter that will not depart until Shiloh comes, has long been read as an announcement of the Messiah from the tribe of Judah.

Verse 5-7
“Simeon and Levi are brothers. Their swords are weapons of violence. My soul, don’t come into their council. My glory, don’t be united to their assembly; for in their anger they killed men. In their self-will they hamstrung cattle. Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.

Jacob condemns the violence of Simeon and Levi. He does not curse the persons but their cruel anger, and he announces that their descendants will be scattered in Israel.

Verse 18
I have waited for your salvation, Yahweh.

In the midst of the prophecies, Jacob breathes a short prayer: he hopes for the salvation of the Lord. It is the only moment in this chapter when he speaks directly to God.

Verse 22-26
“Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall. The archers have severely grieved him, shot at him, and persecuted him: But his bow remained strong. The arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob, (from there is the shepherd, the stone of Israel), even by the God of your father, who will help you, by the Almighty, who will bless you, with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies below, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb. The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of your ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.

Joseph is described as a fruitful tree by a spring. Attacked, he stood firm because God strengthened his hands. Jacob pronounces great blessings on him.

Bible verses to meditate on

Characters in this chapter

What the sermons say

Frequently asked questions about Genesis 49

What does Genesis 49:10 mean?

Jacob announces that the scepter will not depart from Judah until Shiloh comes, and that the peoples will obey him. Christian tradition sees in it a prophecy of Jesus, a descendant of Judah. The exact meaning of the word Shiloh is debated, and Jews and Christians do not read it the same way.

Why does Jacob rebuke Reuben, Simeon and Levi?

Reuben defiled his father's bed, and Simeon and Levi gave themselves over to violence. Jacob names these faults before blessing the others, because everyone's actions have consequences. Reuben loses the preeminence, and Simeon and Levi will be scattered in Israel.

What is the main message of Genesis 49?

Jacob tells each of his sons what God is preparing, without flattering anyone. The chapter shows that character matters, that God fulfills his promise despite faults, and that he brings the promised kingship out of Judah. It also explains how the tribes of Israel take their place.

Articles quoting Genesis 49

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World English Bible translation — public domain.