The Bible — World English Bible
Romans 9
In brief
Romans 9 opens a three-chapter section on the fate of Israel. Paul confesses his deep sorrow over his people's unbelief and asks whether the word of God has failed. He answers that the promise never rested on physical descent but on God's sovereign choice, illustrated by Isaac, Jacob and Pharaoh. He affirms God's freedom and mercy, opens salvation to the nations and concludes that the Gentiles found righteousness through faith, while Israel stumbled over the stumbling stone.
The chapter in 5 parts
1I tell the truth in Christ. I am not lying, my conscience testifying with me in the Holy Spirit
2that I have great sorrow and unceasing pain in my heart.
3For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brothers’ sake, my relatives according to the flesh
4who are Israelites; whose is the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service, and the promises;
5of whom are the fathers, and from whom is Christ as concerning the flesh, who is over all, God, blessed forever. Amen.
6But it is not as though the word of God has come to nothing. For they are not all Israel that are of Israel.
7Neither, because they are Abraham’s offspring, are they all children. But, “your offspring will be accounted as from Isaac.”
8That is, it is not the children of the flesh who are children of God, but the children of the promise are counted as heirs.
9For this is a word of promise, “At the appointed time I will come, and Sarah will have a son.”
10Not only so, but Rebekah also conceived by one, by our father Isaac.
11For being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him who calls,
12it was said to her, “The elder will serve the younger.”
13Even as it is written, “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”
14What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? May it never be!
15For he said to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”
16So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy.
17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “For this very purpose I caused you to be raised up, that I might show in you my power, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”
18So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.
19You will say then to me, “Why does he still find fault? For who withstands his will?”
20But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed ask him who formed it, “Why did you make me like this?”
21Or hasn’t the potter a right over the clay, from the same lump to make one part a vessel for honor, and another for dishonor?
22What if God, willing to show his wrath and to make his power known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction,
23and that he might make known the riches of his glory on vessels of mercy, which he prepared beforehand for glory,
24us, whom he also called, not from the Jews only, but also from the Gentiles?
25As he says also in Hosea, “I will call them ‘my people,’ which were not my people; and her ‘beloved,’ who was not beloved.”
26“It will be that in the place where it was said to them, ‘You are not my people,’ there they will be called ‘children of the living God.’ ”
27Isaiah cries concerning Israel, “If the number of the children of Israel are as the sand of the sea, it is the remnant who will be saved;
28for He will finish the work and cut it short in righteousness, because the LORD will make a short work upon the earth.”
29As Isaiah has said before, “Unless the Lord of Armies had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah.”
30What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, who didn’t follow after righteousness, attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith;
31but Israel, following after a law of righteousness, didn’t arrive at the law of righteousness.
32Why? Because they didn’t seek it by faith, but as it were by works of the law. They stumbled over the stumbling stone;
33even as it is written, “Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and a rock of offense; and no one who believes in him will be disappointed.”
Key verses
I tell the truth in Christ. I am not lying, my conscience testifying with me in the Holy Spirit that I have great sorrow and unceasing pain in my heart. For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brothers’ sake, my relatives according to the flesh
Paul has continual sorrow and would even wish to be separated from Christ for the sake of his brothers. Before any reflection on election, he speaks with a broken heart for those who do not believe.
But it is not as though the word of God has come to nothing. For they are not all Israel that are of Israel.
The word of God has not failed: not all who descend from Israel are the true Israel. The promise follows God's choice, not descent alone.
For he said to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.” So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy.
God has mercy on whom he wills. Salvation depends neither on human will nor on human effort, but on God's mercy. Christian traditions understand the link between this choice and human responsibility differently.
But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed ask him who formed it, “Why did you make me like this?” Or hasn’t the potter a right over the clay, from the same lump to make one part a vessel for honor, and another for dishonor?
Through the image of the potter, Paul reminds us that the creature has no right to call its creator to account. The text invites humility before God's sovereignty.
even as it is written, “Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and a rock of offense; and no one who believes in him will be disappointed.”
Christ is the stone of Zion that people can stumble over or lean on. Whoever believes in him will not be put to shame: faith, not works, leads to righteousness.
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Frequently asked questions about Romans 9
What does Romans 9:6 mean, that not all who descend from Israel are Israel?
Paul explains that God's promise has not failed, because it never rested on Abraham's physical descent alone. It follows God's election, as with Isaac rather than Ishmael and Jacob rather than Esau. God's true people is gathered by promise and faith, not only by origin.
Does Romans 9 teach that God chooses who is saved?
Paul affirms that God has mercy on whom he wills and that salvation does not depend on human effort. Christian traditions differ: some see an individual election, others an election of a people and a choice of the means of salvation, faith. All recognize that salvation comes from God's grace.
What does the image of the potter in Romans 9:21 mean?
Paul borrows from the Old Testament the image of the potter shaping clay to underline the Creator's freedom. The creature has no right to complain. The image invites humility before God, without being an argument against his goodness, which Paul recalls in the same passage.
Articles quoting Romans 9
World English Bible translation — public domain.