The Bible — World English Bible
Numbers 25
In brief
Numbers 25 takes place at the gates of the promised land, at Shittim. The people are drawn by the daughters of Moab into immorality and into the worship of Baal Peor, and God's anger burns. A plague strikes Israel, then Phinehas, Aaron's grandson, acts with zeal and the plague stops. God grants him a covenant of peace, then orders that the Midianites be treated as enemies because of their schemes.
The chapter in 4 parts
1Israel stayed in Shittim; and the people began to play the prostitute with the daughters of Moab;
2for they called the people to the sacrifices of their gods. The people ate and bowed down to their gods.
3Israel joined himself to Baal Peor, and Yahweh’s anger burned against Israel.
4Yahweh said to Moses, “Take all the chiefs of the people, and hang them up to Yahweh before the sun, that the fierce anger of Yahweh may turn away from Israel.”
5Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Everyone kill his men who have joined themselves to Baal Peor.”
6Behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, while they were weeping at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
7When Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from the middle of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand.
8He went after the man of Israel into the pavilion, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her body. So the plague was stopped among the children of Israel.
9Those who died by the plague were twenty-four thousand.
10Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
11“Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, in that he was jealous with my jealousy among them, so that I didn’t consume the children of Israel in my jealousy.
12Therefore say, ‘Behold, I give to him my covenant of peace.
13It shall be to him, and to his offspring after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood, because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.’ ”
14Now the name of the man of Israel that was slain, who was slain with the Midianite woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a fathers’ house among the Simeonites.
15The name of the Midianite woman who was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur. He was head of the people of a fathers’ house in Midian.
16Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
17“Harass the Midianites, and strike them;
18for they harassed you with their wiles, wherein they have deceived you in the matter of Peor, and in the incident regarding Cozbi, the daughter of the prince of Midian, their sister, who was slain on the day of the plague in the matter of Peor.”
Key verses
Israel stayed in Shittim; and the people began to play the prostitute with the daughters of Moab; for they called the people to the sacrifices of their gods. The people ate and bowed down to their gods. Israel joined himself to Baal Peor, and Yahweh’s anger burned against Israel.
The fall is both sexual and spiritual: the people are invited to the sacrifices of Moab's gods, eat, bow down and attach themselves to Baal Peor. It happens right at the edge of the promised land.
Behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, while they were weeping at the door of the Tent of Meeting. When Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from the middle of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand. He went after the man of Israel into the pavilion, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her body. So the plague was stopped among the children of Israel.
While the people weep at the entrance of the tent of meeting, an Israelite openly brings in a Midianite woman. Phinehas reacts with a violent act, seen as zeal for God, and the plague stops.
Those who died by the plague were twenty-four thousand.
Twenty-four thousand people die in the plague. The number underlines the gravity of what the text presents as a betrayal of the covenant. In 1 Corinthians 10:8, Paul refers to the same episode and speaks of twenty-three thousand.
Therefore say, ‘Behold, I give to him my covenant of peace. It shall be to him, and to his offspring after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood, because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.’ ”
God promises Phinehas his covenant of peace and a lasting priesthood for his descendants, because he was jealous for his God. Many readers stress that this kind of zeal remains exceptional in Scripture.
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Frequently asked questions about Numbers 25
What happened at Baal Peor in Numbers 25?
At Shittim, some Israelites gave themselves over to immorality with Moabite women, took part in their sacrifices and bowed down before their gods. God sent a plague, which stopped after Phinehas intervened. The text speaks of twenty-four thousand dead. The episode is cited later in the Bible as a warning.
Why did Phinehas act as he did, and why is he rewarded?
Phinehas sees a man bring a Midianite woman in before the eyes of the mourning people, and he acts with violence. God declares that he was jealous for him and promises him a covenant of peace. Christians see it as a unique moment in Israel's history, which is not a model for taking justice into our own hands today.
Why 24,000 deaths in Numbers 25 and 23,000 in 1 Corinthians 10?
Numbers 25:9 counts twenty-four thousand dead from the plague, while Paul speaks of twenty-three thousand in a single day. Commentators often suggest that Paul counts only the deaths of one particular day, or rounds the figure differently. This difference does not change the warning Paul draws from it.
Articles quoting Numbers 25
World English Bible translation — public domain.