The Bible — World English Bible

Ruth 1

In brief

Ruth 1 opens in the time of the judges. A famine drives Elimelech's family from Bethlehem to Moab, where the husband and then both sons die. Naomi, a widow with no children, decides to go home when she hears that God has visited his people. Orpah goes back to her own family, but Ruth the Moabite clings to Naomi and to her God. Arriving in Bethlehem, Naomi says she is filled with bitterness. The chapter begins in mourning, but its end already announces the barley harvest.

The chapter in 4 parts

  1. v. 1-5Famine, exile in Moab and bereavements
  2. v. 6-14Naomi decides to go home and sends her daughters-in-law back
  3. v. 15-18Ruth clings to Naomi and to her God
  4. v. 19-22Return to Bethlehem: Naomi becomes Mara

1In the days when the judges judged, there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons.

2The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab and lived there.

3Elimelech, Naomi’s husband, died; and she was left with her two sons.

4They took for themselves wives of the women of Moab. The name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there about ten years.

5Mahlon and Chilion both died, and the woman was bereaved of her two children and of her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab; for she had heard in the country of Moab how Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.

7She went out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her. They went on the way to return to the land of Judah.

8Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each of you to her mother’s house. May Yahweh deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead and with me.

9May Yahweh grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband.” Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voices, and wept.

10They said to her, “No, but we will return with you to your people.”

11Naomi said, “Go back, my daughters. Why do you want to go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, ‘I have hope,’ if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons,

13would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from having husbands? No, my daughters, for it grieves me seriously for your sakes, for Yahweh’s hand has gone out against me.”

14They lifted up their voices and wept again; then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth stayed with her.

15She said, “Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law.”

16Ruth said, “Don’t urge me to leave you, and to return from following you, for where you go, I will go; and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God my God.

17Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts you and me.”

18When Naomi saw that she was determined to go with her, she stopped urging her.

19So they both went until they came to Bethlehem. When they had come to Bethlehem, all the city was excited about them, and they asked, “Is this Naomi?”

20She said to them, “Don’t call me Naomi. Call me Mara, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?”

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

Key verses

Verse 16-17
Ruth said, “Don’t urge me to leave you, and to return from following you, for where you go, I will go; and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts you and me.”

Ruth, a foreigner, chooses with no guarantee to commit herself to Naomi, her people and her God, until death. It is one of the most beautiful declarations of loyalty in the Bible.

Verse 6
Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab; for she had heard in the country of Moab how Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.

Naomi goes home because she has heard that God has visited his people and given them bread. The return begins with a word heard about God's faithfulness.

Verse 20-21
She said to them, “Don’t call me Naomi. Call me Mara, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me. I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?”

Naomi speaks her pain aloud, even calling herself Mara, the bitter one. The text does not correct her: it shows that you can tell God your bitterness without leaving his people.

Verse 22
So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

The quiet last sentence says that the two women arrive at the beginning of the harvest. The story is about to turn, even if Naomi cannot see it yet.

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Frequently asked questions about Ruth 1

What is the main message of Ruth 1?

The chapter shows the faithfulness of a foreigner, Ruth, to her mother-in-law Naomi and to her God, in the middle of a trial: famine, exile and bereavement. It also shows that you can tell God about your bitterness. The return to Bethlehem at the start of the harvest hints that God is still at work, even when everything seems lost.

Why does Naomi want to be called Mara?

Naomi means “pleasant” and Mara means “bitter.” After the death of her husband and her two sons, she believes the Almighty has filled her with bitterness, and she comes back empty-handed. The text does not correct her: it reports her suffering as it is, before the story takes another turn.

What does “your people will be my people, and your God my God” mean?

It is Ruth's answer when Naomi urges her to go back home. She leaves her people, her land and her gods to attach herself to Naomi and to the God of Israel, until death. This line, often used at weddings, is first of all a pledge of loyalty and faith, not a marriage contract.

Articles quoting Ruth 1

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World English Bible translation — public domain.